FRAC Fungicide Mode of Action

Nucleic Acids

PA-fungicides (PhenylAmides)

RNA polymerase I

Nucleic Acids

hydroxy- (2-amino-) pyrimidines

adenosin- deaminase

Nucleic Acids

heteroaromatics

DNA/RNA synthesis (proposed)

Nucleic Acids

carboxylic acids

DNA topoisomerase type II (gyrase)

Nucleic Acids

DHODHI- fungicides

inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase within de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis

Cytoskeleton

MBC-fungicides (Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates)

tubulin polymerization

Cytoskeleton

N-phenyl carbamates

tubulin polymerization

Cytoskeleton

benzamides

tubulin polymerization

Cytoskeleton

phenylureas

cell division (unknown site)

Cytoskeleton

benzamides

delocalisation of spectrin-like proteins

Cytoskeleton

cyanoacrylates

actin/ myosin/ fimbrin function

Cytoskeleton

pyridazine

tubulin dynamics modulator

Respiration

pyrimidinamines

complex I NADH oxido-reductase

Respiration

SDHI-fungicides (Succinate- dehydrogenase inhibitors)

complex II: succinate-dehydro- genase

Respiration

QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors)

complex III: cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinol oxidase) at Qo site (cyt b gene)

Respiration

QiI-fungicides (Quinone inside Inhibitors)

complex III: cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinone reductase) at Qi site

Respiration

QiI-fungicides (Quinone inside Inhibitors)

uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation

Respiration

organo tin compounds

inhibitors of oxid. phosphorylation, ATP synthase

Respiration

thiophene- carboxamides

ATP transport (proposed)

Respiration

QioSI fungicide (Quinone inside and outside inhibitor, stigmatellin binding mode)

complex III: cytochrome bc1 (ubiq. reductase) at Qi and Qo site (stigmatellin binding mode)

Protein Synthesis

AP-fungicides (Anilino- Pyrimidines)

methionine biosynthesis (proposed) (cgs gene)

Protein Synthesis

enopyranuronic acid antibiotic

protein synthesis (ribosome, termination step)

Protein Synthesis

hexopyranosyl antibiotic

protein synthesis (ribosome, initiation step)

Protein Synthesis

glucopyranosyl antibiotic

protein synthesis (ribosome, initiation step)

Protein Synthesis

tetracycline antibiotic

protein synthesis (ribosome, elongation step)

Protein Synthesis

benzoxaboroles

leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS)

Cell Signaling

aza- naphthalenes

signal transduction (mechanism unknown)

Cell Signaling

PP-fungicides (PhenylPyrroles)

MAP/Histidine- Kinase in osmotic signal transduction (os-2, HOG1)

Cell Signaling

dicarboximides

MAP/Histidine- Kinase in osmotic signal transduction (os-1, Daf1)

Lipid Membrane

phosphoro- thiolates

phospholipid biosynthesis, methyltransferase

Lipid Membrane

AH-fungicides (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) (chlorophenyls, nitroanilines)

cell peroxidation (proposed)

Lipid Membrane

Carbamates

cell membrane permeability, fatty acids (proposed)

Lipid Membrane

Polyene

ergosterol binding

Lipid Membrane

OSBPI- fungicides oxysterol binding protein homologue inhibition

lipid homeostasis and transfer/storage

Lipid Membrane

protein fragment

interaction with lipid fraction of the cell membrane, with multiple effects on cell membrane integrity

Sterol

DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI: Class I)

C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis (erg11/cyp51)

Sterol

Amines (“morpholines”) (SBI: Class II)

14-reductase and 8→7- isomerase in sterol biosynthesis (erg24, erg2)

Sterol

KRI-fungicides (KetoReductase Inhibitors) (SBI: Class III)

3-keto reductase, C4-demethylation (erg27)

Sterol

(SBI class IV)

squalene- epoxidase in sterol biosynthesis (erg1)

Cell Wall

Formerly glucopyranosyl antibiotic (validamycin)

AND CODE

Cell Wall

polyoxins

chitin synthase

Cell Wall

CAA-fungicides (Carboxylic Acid Amides)

cellulose synthase

Melanin

MBI-R (Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors - Reductase)

reductase in melanin biosynthesis

Melanin

MBI-D (Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors - Dehydratase)

dehydratase in melanin biosynthesis

Melanin

MBI-P (Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors - Polyketide synthase)

polyketide synthase in melanin biosynthesis

Host Defense

benzo-thiadiazole (BTH)

salicylate-related

Host Defense

benzisothiazole

salicylate-related

Host Defense

thiadiazole- carboxamide

salicylate-related

Host Defense

natural compound

polysaccharide elicitors

Host Defense

plant extract

anthraquinone elicitors

Host Defense

microbial

microbial elicitors

Host Defense

phosphonates

phosphonates

Host Defense

isothiazole

salicylate-related

Host Defense

flagellin peptide

peptide elicitors

Host Defense

natural small molecule metabolite

defence priming agents

Unknown

cyanoacetamide-oxime

Code 27

Unknown

phthalamic acids

Code 34

Unknown

benzotriazines

Code 35

Unknown

benzene-sulphonamides

Code 36

Unknown

pyridazinones

Code 37

Unknown

phenyl-acetamide

Code U06

Unknown

guanidines

cell membrane disruption (proposed)

Unknown

cyano-methylene-thiazolidines

Code U13

Unknown

pyrimidinone-hydrazones

Code U14

Unknown

4-quinolyl-acetates

complex III: cytochrome bc1, unknown binding site (proposed)

Unknown

tetrazolyloximes

Code U17

Unknown

glucopyranosyl antibiotics

unknown (inhibition of trehalase)

Unknown

nereistoxin analogues

Code U19

Unknown

diverse

Not specified

Multi-site

inorganic (electrophiles)

contact activity

Multi-site

inorganic (electrophiles)

contact activity

Multi-site

dithiocarbamates and relatives (electrophiles)

contact activity

Multi-site

phthalimides (electrophiles)

contact activity

Multi-site

chloronitriles (phthalonitriles) (unspecified mechanism)

contact activity

Multi-site

sulfamides (electrophiles)

contact activity

Multi-site

bis-guanidines (membrane disruptors, detergents)

contact activity

Multi-site

triazines (unspecified mechanism)

contact activity

Multi-site

quinones (anthraquinones) (electrophiles)

contact activity

Multi-site

quinoxalines (electrophiles)

contact activity

Multi-site

maleimide (electrophiles)

contact activity

Multi-site

thiocarbamate (electrophiles)

contact activity

Biological Multi-MOA

plant extract

multiple effects on ion membrane transporters; chelating effects

Biological Multi-MOA

microbial (living microbes, or extracts from microbes or metabolites)

described (examples, not all apply to all biological groups): competition, mycoparasitism, antibiosis, membrane disruption by fungicidal lipopeptides, lytic enzymes, induced plant defence

Biological Multi-MOA

purified metabolites from plant or microbial sources, or synthetic versions of these metabolites

(1,3) glucan synthase and chitin synthase and resulting cell wall biosynthesis, disruption of membranes and membrane function, destruction of mitochondria and disruption of oxidative processes